![]() This encoded information is what makes each person an individual. CODIS currently consists of three distinct levels: the National DNA Index System, State DNA Index System, and Local DNA Index System.ĭeoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA): DNA is found in almost all living cells, and carries the encoded information necessary for building and maintaining life. CODIS refers to the entire system of DNA databases (convicted offender database, forensic database, victim database, etc.) maintained at the national, state, and local levels. One copy of each chromosome is inherited from an individual's mother and one copy is inherited from an individual's father, giving a child DNA characteristics of both its mother and father.Ĭombined DNA Index System (CODIS): provides a framework for storing, maintaining, tracking, and searching DNA specimen information. The nucleus contains 46 chromosomes, two copies of each of the 23 different human chromosomes. Capillary electrophoresis is an automated process that analyzes many DNA samples and requires minimal involvement by DNA scientists after the initial set-up procedures are completed.Ĭhromosomes: chromosomes store information in the chemical structure of DNA much like a book or a compact disk. Its distinguishing characteristic is that the electrophoresis occurs inside a capillary tube (a very thin glass tube) with a sieving material inside, rather than on a piece of gelatinous material. The Board's mission was to develop quality assurance standards for laboratories and analysts that examine DNA.Ĭapillary electrophoresis: the form of electrophoresis employed by the DNAUI. The Board was formally constituted on March 10, 1995, and was comprised of members of a variety of forensic and science organizations. The organization performs a thorough inspection of the laboratory before it grants accreditation.īoard: the FBI established the DNA Advisory Board (Board), in response to a Congressional mandate within the Act, to develop national quality assurance standards that would ensure that the operations of CODIS participants met minimum quality standards. Amplification is the third of five stages in the PCR/STR analysis process.ĪSCLD/LAB: the American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors/Laboratory Accreditation Board is one of the organizations that provides accreditation for labs. The Genotyper ® software compares the peaks in the evidentiary or reference sample to the peaks in the allelic ladder at that same location.Īmplification: the replication of extracted DNA so that the DNA can be detected by an analyzer or a capillary electrophoresis machine. Allelic ladders are used like molecular rulers to help "measure" the lengths of the fragments in the reference and evidentiary samples. These would represent two alleles of that STR region.Īllelic ladder: contains the more common alleles in the general population for specific chromosomal locations. ![]() ![]() For example, one copy of a specific STR region might have 10 repeats, while the other copy might have 11 repeats. ![]() The Act also directed that the guidelines issued by TWGDAM would be deemed to be national standards until the FBI issued its own standards pursuant to the Act.Īllele: the characteristics of a single copy of a specific gene, or of a single copy of a specific location on a chromosome, is referred to as an allele. Emmanuelle Charpentier, discovered how to use this system as a gene-editing tool (Jinek, et al.Act: the DNA Identification Act of 1994 (Act) was the vehicle whereby Congress authorized the creation of CODIS, and directed the FBI to establish the Board. A group of scientists, including our co-founder Dr. CRISPR: Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats of genetic information that some bacterial species use as part of an antiviral system.
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